28th Dynasty (404 – 399 BC)
Twenty-eighth Dynasty The forty years ending with the death of Darius II in 404 BC are a complete blank so far as Egypt is concerned. It is only amid the…
29th Dynasty (399 – 380 BC)
Twenty-ninth Dynasty After conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 BC the sole aim of Egypt's foreign policy was to defend her independence against an empire which persisted in regarding…
30th Dynasty (380 – 343 BC)
Thirtieth Dynasty After the four months' reign of his son Nepherites II, the kingship passed into the hands of a general from Sebennytus. Manetho's THIRTIETH DYNASTY consists of three members,…
31st Dynasty (343 – 332 BC)
Thirty-first Dynasty By Ochus's strategical skill and politcal sagacity Egypt was a Persian province once more. Diodorus (xvi. 51) may here be quoted: Artaxerxes, after taking over all Egypt and…
Ptolemaic Dynasty
Alexandria: The Ptolemaic Dynasty The achievements of the Greeks in the ancient world, by no means few, may have reached their peak in the city of Alexandria. No less a…
Roman Period
Alexandria: The Roman Period The final century or so of Ptolemaic rule from Alexandria is a sad one, primarily because many of the later Ptolemies, Pharaohs they might have appeared…
Byzantine Period
Alexandria: The Byzantine Period It is with the ascension of the Roman emperor Constantine that a new era began for Alexandria, as well as for the Empire as a whole.…
Abbasid Period
Abbasid Period The first and second Muslim civil wars appear to have made little difference in Cairo's life, though the governors of Egypt now received their orders from Damascus instead…
Fatimid Period
The Fatimid Period Fatimid Rulers Gawhar El-Sakali (969-973AD) Al-Mezz Leideinallah (973-975AD) Al-Aziz Leideinallah (975-996AD) Al-Hakim Biamrallah (997-1020AD) Al-Zahir Lazazdinallah ( 1020-1094AD) Al-Mustansir Biallah ( 1035-1094AD) Al-Mustali Biallah (1094-1101AD) Al-Amir Biahkamallah…
Ayyubid Period
Ayyubid Period Ayubbide rulers King Nasser Saladin (1171-1192AD) King Aziz Emad Eddin (1192-1198AD) King Mansour Nasser Eddin (1198-1200AD) King Adel Seif Eddin (1200-1218AD) King Kamil Nasser Eddin (1218-1238AD) King Seif…
Mameluke Period
Mameluke Period When Shaggar ruled alone, the Mamelukes essentially ruled the city anyway. The white slaves imported by the Egyptian governors now ruled Egypt. As children, they were converted to…
Bahri Mameluke Period
Bahri (River) Mameluke Period Bahari Mamlukes Rulers: Sultan Ezz Eddin Aybak (1250-1257) Sultan Nur Eddin ben Aybak (1257-1259) Sultan Muzafar Seif Eddin Qutuz (1259-1260) Sultan Zahir Rukn Eddin Bybars (1260-1277)…
Burgi Mameluke Period
Burgi (Tower) Mameluke Period Circassian (Burgi) Mamlukes Rulers Sultan Zaher Barqooq (1382-1399) Sultan Farag Ben Barqooq (first time) (1399-1405) Sultan Abd El-Aziz Ben Barqooq (1405) Sultan Farag Ben Barqooq (second…
Ottoman Turk Period
Ottoman Turk Period Ottoman Rulers Khayer Pasha (1517-22) Moustafa Pasha (1522-23) Kouzlagah Pasha (1523) Ahmed Pasha (1523) Ibrahim Pasha (1524) Suliman Pasha (1524-34) Khissru Pasha (1524-36) Suliman Pasha (second time)(1536-38)…
French Occupation Period
French Occupation Period When Napoleon arrived in Cairo, he brought with him a wide array of disorders and also Europe. After the three years that he spent in Cairo, the…
British Occupation Period
British Occupation Period The British occupation had no physical changes on Cairo since the British had been ruling Egypt indirectly for years. Tawfik remained the khedive, the consular courts dealt…
Swim with the dolphins at Malta
I can’t stop laughing as the dolphin sweeps me through the water while I cling tightly to his hard dorsal fin. Spray smacks me in the face as we whoosh…
‘Dragons in The World of Eld
Dragons: In the old days, when the Gods were still young, they created dragons, to help them travel the world in a comfortable way. In their creation, they where all…
Part 4: Online Payment Systems & Credit Card Processing
Online shoppers want the same things from your e-commerce web site that they demand from bricks-and-mortar retailers. You have to make them feel safe and comfortable before they'll shop online.…
Part 3: Building Credibility With Your E-Commerce Customers
Having a professional-looking, fully functional e-commerce web site is one way you build credibility with potential online shoppers. Just as in the bricks-and-mortar store, you must win your customers' trust…