Byzantine Period
Alexandria: The Byzantine Period It is with the ascension of the Roman emperor Constantine that a new era began for Alexandria, as well as for the Empire as a whole.…
Abbasid Period
Abbasid Period The first and second Muslim civil wars appear to have made little difference in Cairo's life, though the governors of Egypt now received their orders from Damascus instead…
Fatimid Period
The Fatimid Period Fatimid Rulers Gawhar El-Sakali (969-973AD) Al-Mezz Leideinallah (973-975AD) Al-Aziz Leideinallah (975-996AD) Al-Hakim Biamrallah (997-1020AD) Al-Zahir Lazazdinallah ( 1020-1094AD) Al-Mustansir Biallah ( 1035-1094AD) Al-Mustali Biallah (1094-1101AD) Al-Amir Biahkamallah…
Ayyubid Period
Ayyubid Period Ayubbide rulers King Nasser Saladin (1171-1192AD) King Aziz Emad Eddin (1192-1198AD) King Mansour Nasser Eddin (1198-1200AD) King Adel Seif Eddin (1200-1218AD) King Kamil Nasser Eddin (1218-1238AD) King Seif…
Mameluke Period
Mameluke Period When Shaggar ruled alone, the Mamelukes essentially ruled the city anyway. The white slaves imported by the Egyptian governors now ruled Egypt. As children, they were converted to…
Bahri Mameluke Period
Bahri (River) Mameluke Period Bahari Mamlukes Rulers: Sultan Ezz Eddin Aybak (1250-1257) Sultan Nur Eddin ben Aybak (1257-1259) Sultan Muzafar Seif Eddin Qutuz (1259-1260) Sultan Zahir Rukn Eddin Bybars (1260-1277)…
Burgi Mameluke Period
Burgi (Tower) Mameluke Period Circassian (Burgi) Mamlukes Rulers Sultan Zaher Barqooq (1382-1399) Sultan Farag Ben Barqooq (first time) (1399-1405) Sultan Abd El-Aziz Ben Barqooq (1405) Sultan Farag Ben Barqooq (second…
Ottoman Turk Period
Ottoman Turk Period Ottoman Rulers Khayer Pasha (1517-22) Moustafa Pasha (1522-23) Kouzlagah Pasha (1523) Ahmed Pasha (1523) Ibrahim Pasha (1524) Suliman Pasha (1524-34) Khissru Pasha (1524-36) Suliman Pasha (second time)(1536-38)…
Ptolemaic Dynasty
Alexandria: The Ptolemaic Dynasty The achievements of the Greeks in the ancient world, by no means few, may have reached their peak in the city of Alexandria. No less a…
31st Dynasty (343 – 332 BC)
Thirty-first Dynasty By Ochus's strategical skill and politcal sagacity Egypt was a Persian province once more. Diodorus (xvi. 51) may here be quoted: Artaxerxes, after taking over all Egypt and…
30th Dynasty (380 – 343 BC)
Thirtieth Dynasty After the four months' reign of his son Nepherites II, the kingship passed into the hands of a general from Sebennytus. Manetho's THIRTIETH DYNASTY consists of three members,…
21st Dynasty (1070 – 945 BC)
Twenty-first Dynasty Throughout the eleventh and following centuries before our era, the essential duality of the land of the Pharaohs found novel and unexpected expression. The initial stage could not…
22nd Dynasty (945 – 712 BC)
Twenty-second Dynasty Not long after 950 BC the Pharaonic sway passed into the hands of a family of alien race. Their earliest rulers styled themselves 'chiefs of the Meshwesh', often…
23rd Dynasty (828 – 725 BC)
Twenty-third Dynasty What little of the kind we hear of is derived from the Old Testament, as we shall soon see. Manetho's TWENTY-THIRD DYNASTY consists of only four kings, the…
24th Dynasty (725 – 715 BC)
Twenty-fourth Dynasty The next entries in Manetho as reported by Africanus are brief enough and interesting enough to be quoted in extenso: TWENTY-FOURTH DYNASTY. Bochchoris of Sais, for 6 (44)…
25th Dynasty (712 – 657 BC)
Twenty-fifth Dynasty Whether Bochchoris was taken captive by Sabacon (Shabako) and burned alive, as Manetho would have us believe, we have no means of knowing. However, it is certain that…
26th Dynasty (664 – 525 BC)
Twenty-sixth Dynasty At the close of Ashurbanipal's Egyptian campaign the power of Assyria was at its zenith. He had defeated his foes in all directions, but they were too tenacious…
27th Dynasty (525 – 404 BC)
Twenty-seventh Dynasty Difficulties connected with the succession kept Cambyses fully occupied for the next three years, but the murder of his brother Smerdis left his hands free to proceed with…
28th Dynasty (404 – 399 BC)
Twenty-eighth Dynasty The forty years ending with the death of Darius II in 404 BC are a complete blank so far as Egypt is concerned. It is only amid the…
29th Dynasty (399 – 380 BC)
Twenty-ninth Dynasty After conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 BC the sole aim of Egypt's foreign policy was to defend her independence against an empire which persisted in regarding…