Zenonas Jurgelevicius private corespondence
To Mr. Mark THOMASIN-FOSTER, President of European Landowners' Organization 29 May 2006 Member of Lithuanian Human Rights Centre, (Established in the Republic of Lithuania At the initiative of United Nations…
History of the Sport of Gymnastics
Gymanstics, as an activity sport, has been around for over 2000 years but as an competitive sport it is a little more than 100 years old. Mass and individual exhibitions…
Artistic gymnastics: Format of competition
Currently, in a full elite international competition, the meet is divided into several sessions: team qualifying, team finals, all-around finals and event finals. During the team qualifying(abbreivated TQ) round, gymnasts…
General History of Gymnastics
Artistic Gymnastics Gymnastics has existed for more than 2,000 years, but its development as a competitive sport began just little more than 100 years ago. During the 1800's, mass and…
Gymnastics 1: Ancient Gymnastics
Gymnastics, in the form of acrobatics, calisthenics, and disciplined exercise, has been around since ancient times. Acrobats entertained Egyptian nobility about 7,000 years ago and, judging by ancient frescoes, acrobats…
Gymnastics 2: The Development of Modern Gymnastics
Modern gymnastics began with the work of Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759-1839), who taught at the Schnepfenthal Educational Institute near Gotha, Germany. GutsMuths developed a complete program of exercises designed to…
Around Gymnastics for girls
Learn The Origins of Gymnastics If maybe you are the father or mother of a girl who does gymnastics, then travel to this page almost all just about gymnastics for…
The levitating stone of Shivapur
When I scribbled most of this down in a stuffy hotel room in Mumbai in January 2001, I had no premonition of the horror that was to unfold on September…
Ancient nuclear blasts and levitating stones of Shivapur
The great ancient Indian epic, the Mahabharata, contains numerous legends about the powerful force of a mysterious weapon. The archaeological expedition, which carried out excavations near the Indian settlement of…
Gymnastics 3: Early American Gymnastics
Three of Jahn's followers, Charles Beck, Charles Follen, and Franz Lieber, left Germany before the 1848 revolution and were the pioneers of American gymnastics. Beck was hired in the spring…
Artistic gymnastics
Artistic gymnastics is a discipline of gymnastics in which competitors perform short routines (ranging from approximately 30 to 90 seconds) on different apparatus, obviously less for vaulting (see lists below).…
Gymnastics 4: The Turners and Others in America
The Turner movement had the biggest long-range effect on American gymnastics as we know the sport. As previously noted, tens of thousands of Jahn's Turners emigrated to the United States…
Gymnastics 5. 19th-Century European Gymnastics
Gymnastics spread through Europe primarily as physical training for the military. In France, Francisco Amoros founded the Ecole de Joinville for military training in 1852. A native of Spain who…
Gymnastics 6. Gymnastics Becomes Competitive
Competitive gymnastics originated with the Turners. They had two types of competition at their period Turnerfests: Events in which the result was based on a qualitative measure, such as the…
Artistic gymnastics: Compulsories
Before 1997, the team competition was structured differently. It still consisted of two sessions. However, gymnasts performed compulsory exercises in the preliminaries and their optional routines on the second day.…
Artistic gymnastics: Age limits
The FIG imposes a minimum age limit on gymnasts competing in international meets. The term senior, in gymnastics, refers to any world-class/elite gymnast who is age-eligible under FIG rules. Currently,…
Gymnastics 7. International Competition
Gymnastics was one of nine sports on the program of the first modern Olympics, at Athens in 1896. There was team and individual competition on the horizontal bars and the…
Artistic gymnastics: Scoring and the Code of Points
Scoring at the international level is regulated by the Code of Points. At the elite level there is a panel of judges; the score is the average of the panel's…
Gymnastics 8. Competitive Gymnastics in the U. S.
The Amateur Athletic Union staged the first national gymnastics championships in 1897. For many years, Turner organizations dominated the competition, but other athletic clubs then began to emerge. Eventually, YMCAs…